Art Sculpture (Seni Patung)

one art sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the art form of three-dimensional works. Usually created by carving, modeling (eg with clay materials) or casting (in print).

History

Asia

Various types of sculpture in many different regions in Asia, are usually influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. A large number of Hindu statues preserved in Cambodia at Angkor, however organized looting that occurred a major impact on many heritage sites in the country. See also Angkor Wat. In Thailand, mostly in the form of statues devoted Buddhist. In Indonesia, the sculptures of Hindu influenced mostly found in the Prambanan site and various places on the island of Bali. While the influence of Buddhism found in the site of Borobudur Temple.

In India, the sculpture was first discovered in the Indus Valley civilization (3300-1700) BC. This is one early example of sculpture in the world. Then, after Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism developed further, India has created bronze sculptures and stone carvings with great complexity, such as those found in the ornaments of Hindu temples, Jain and Buddhist.

Artifacts found in China comes from around 10,000 BC. Most of China's sculpture is on display at the museum comes from some historical period, the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC) to produce various types of bronze vessels printed with elaborate decoration. Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), known for its line of statues of soldiers who made terracota. Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220AD) with statues of impressive power figures. The first Buddha statue found in the Three Kingdoms period (third century). Is regarded as the golden age of China is the period of the Tang Dynasty, during the civil war, the statues decorative figures made in large quantities and exported to fund the war. Then after the end of the Ming Dynasty (late 17th century) almost no statues of the museum collection, more of jewelry, precious stones, or pottery - and on the 20th century frenzy there is absolutely no work is recognized as a work of sculpture, even when There was a patterned sculpture school of social realism of Soviet influence in the early decades of the communist regime, and at the turn of the century, the craftsmen of China began to dominate commercial sculpture genres (the statue of miniature figures, toys, etc.) and China's avant-garde artists began to participate in European contemporary American art .

In Japan, sculpture and painting works of countless, often under government sponsorship. Most of the statues in Japan associated with religion, and in line with the reduced role of the Buddhist tradition, the type of material usage is also reduced. During the Kofun period (third century), clay sculptures called haniwa erected outside the tomb. In the Kondo who was in there Horyu-ji Shaka Trinity (623), statues of Buddha and the statues of two bodhisattvas called with the Kings Guard Four Directions. Wood sculpture (9th century) a portrait of Shakyamuni, a form of Buddhism, which decorate the secondary building in Muro-ji, is typical of the early Heian sculpture, with a heavy body, wrapped in thick folds draperi style carved hompa-shiki (rolling waves ), and facial expression that seemed serious and pulled away. Kei sculpture school, creating a new style of sculpture and more realistic.

Africa

African art has an emphasis on sculpture. African artists tend to prefer the work of three-dimensional than two dimensional. Although anthropologists argue that the statue was first known in Africa comes from the Nok culture in Nigeria around the year 500 BC, the art works of Pharaonic Africa (related to ancient Egyptian), period of time earlier than the Nok period. Metal statue came from the eastern part of west Africa, such as Benin, regarded as the best ever produced.

The statue was created and symbolized to reflect the place of origin where the statue was made. Based on the materials and techniques used and the function, sculpture different from one region to another.

In West Africa the figure of the statue has a long body, forms an angle, and facial appearance represents a more ideal form rather than the individual. These figures are used in religious rituals and often the surface coated with material through ritual offerings. In contrast to this is the statue that was created by the West African Mande language. The statue of their work made of wood and has a wide flat surface while the arms and legs shaped like a cylinder.

In Central Africa, including his trademark face shaped like a heart and curved into a circle and dot pattern. Although some groups prefer to face with the creation of geometric shapes and angled. The material used is wood, the most widely used, as well as ivory, bone, stone, clay and metal. Central African region has a flashy style of sculpture that can easily be identified from where the statue was made.

One type of three-dimensional works created in the East African region is the statue of the pole. Pole carved in human form and adorned with geometric shapes, while the top carved with figures of people, animals or other objects. This pole placed near the tomb and is associated with death.

Statue of clay figures of the oldest known in South Africa comes from the year 400 to 600 AD and have cylindrical heads. Figures of this clay has a joint appearance between humans and animals. In addition to the clay sculpture is also a wooden headrests that were buried with the tomb owner. This headrest of geometric shapes or figures of animals.

Egypt

Work of ancient Egyptian sculpture was developed to represent the gods of ancient Egypt, also the Pharaoh, in physical form. The rules are very strictly followed when creating works of sculpture; statue of a man made darker than the female statue; in plays statue sits, hands should be placed on the knee and certain rules in describing the gods. Ranking based on artistic conformity with the rules, and regulations are strictly followed for thousands of years, so the appearance of the statue has not changed much except for a brief period during the rule of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, allowed a naturalistic depiction.

Europe

Classical Greek Roman

Classical sculpture in Europe refers to the art of sculpture from ancient Greece, ancient Rome and the civilization of Hellenization and the romanization or their influence from around the year 500 BC until the fall of Rome in the year 476 AD, the term is also used classical sculpture to modern sculpture made with classic style . Classical statues of Europe have characteristics as follows:

1. Full-body figure: a young male or female athlete nude.

2. Portraits: showing signs of age or a strong character.

3. Wearing costumes and attributes of classical deities

4. Concerned with naturalism based on the observation, often using a real model.

Naked sculptures are widely accepted by society, based on the length of tradition that supports it. But sometimes, there is objection to the theme of this nudity, usually from the moral and religious fundamentalists. For example, some Greek sculpture collection Vatican removed his penis.

Gothic Period

Link to art, in this case is the architectural, European medieval (Gothic) with the art of Roman architecture called the Romanesque period. Work of the early Gothic sculpture is from the influence of the Christian religion, and the birth of the church and monastery walls. The statue is located in Chartres Cathedral (c. th. 1145) in France is the first sculpture Gothic era. In Germany, there is the Cathedral of Bamberg from 1225. In the UK, works of sculpture is limited to that used on a tombstone and non-figure decoration (partly this is because the Cistercian iconoclasm). In Italy, still forms dipengaruh classical era, such as those found in the pulpit and the baptistery at Pisa in Siena.

Renaissance

At the time of the renaissance, sculpture also revived, in some cases even earlier than the other artwork. One of the key figures in this period was Donatello, with a bronze sculpture, David (not to be confused with its David of Michelangelo). This is the work of early Renaissance sculpture. Likewise with the other Michelangelo sculpted David, also a Pieta. Statue of David by Michelangelo is one example of the style in describing kontraposto human figure. There are still some periods of the renaissance era to the modernism that is affected by changes in political, cultural movement or something else, namely the period of Mannerism, baroque and neo classical.

Modernism

Auguste Rodin is one of the famous European sculptor of the early 20th century. He is often referred to as the statue of Impressionist artists. Classic modern sculpture is less interested in naturalism, details of anatomy or costume and more interested in stilisasi form, as well as the rhythm volume and space. Along with the development time, the modern style of classical sculpture was later adopted by the two totalitarian rulers of Europe: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. While in other European regions, this force is transformed into a decorative / art deco (Paul Manship, Carl Milles), stilisasi abstract (Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti) or more expressive. Modernist movement in art sculpture produced by Cubism, Futurism, minimalism, installation and Pop art.

Contemporary Sculpture





Statue sheep

In today's contemporary art which began to grow rapidly, the statue could be a kind of 'performance art'. For example in places like China, Japan, Canada, Sweden and Russia held an ice sculpture festival is held on a regular basis. The term used for the kinetic sculpture sculpture designed to be moved. Some of the artists who create works of kinetic sculpture is: Marcel Duchamp, Alexander Calder, George Rickey and Andy Warhol.

Art Sculptures in Indonesia

Indonesian sculptors

• Dolorosa Sinaga

• Edhi Sunarso

• Gregory Sidhartha

• I Nyoman Nuarta

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Performance art (Seni Pertunjukan)

Performing arts (English: performance art) is a work of art that involves the action of individuals or groups in a particular time and place. performance usually involves four elements: time, space, body and relationship of the artist artists with the audience.
Although performance art could be said to include activities such as art mainstream theater, dance, music and circus, but usually art activities are generally more familiar with the term 'performance art' (performing arts). Performance art is a term that usually refers to the conceptual art or the avant garde that grew from the art and is beginning to move in the direction of contemporary art.
Type of the performing arts
1. arts acrobatics,
2. singing,
3. comedy / buffoonery,
4. dance,
5. musical performances,
6. opera,
7. theater
8. films and others.

Indonesian Version:
Seni pertunjukan
Seni pertunjukan (Bahasa Inggris: performance art) adalah karya seni yang melibatkan aksi individu atau kelompok di tempat dan waktu tertentu. performance biasanya melibatkan empat unsur: waktu, ruang, tubuh si seniman dan hubungan seniman dengan penonton.
Meskipun seni performance bisa juga dikatakan termasuk di dalamnya kegiatan-kegiatan seni mainstream seperti teater, tari, musik dan sirkus, tapi biasanya kegiatan-kegiatan seni tersebut pada umumnya lebih dikenal dengan istilah 'seni pertunjukan' (performing arts). Seni performance adalah istilah yang biasanya mengacu pada seni konseptual atau avant garde yang tumbuh dari seni rupa dan kini mulai beralih ke arah seni kontemporer.
Jenis seni pertunjukan
1. seni akrobat,
2. mengamen,
3. komedi/lawak,
4. tari,
5. pentas musik,
6. opera,
7. teater
8. film dan lain-lain.

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Contemporary Art (Seni Kontemporer)

Contemporary Art is one of the affected branch of art that means modernisasi.Kontemporer impact of contemporary, modern or rather is the same thing with the same conditions or the time today. So contemporary art is art that is not bound by the rules of the past and developing appropriate today. Contemporary paintings are thematic work reflects the current situation through time. For example the painting that is no longer tied to the Rennaissance. So did the dance, more creative and modern.
The word "contemporary" is derived from the word "co" (together) and "tempo" (time). Thus asserted that contemporary art is the work of the thematic reflect the current situation through time. Or the notion that "contemporary art is art that is against the tradition of Western modernism". This is a development of postmodern discourse and postcolonialism are trying to raise the appearance of indegenous art discourse. Or a local art treasures that became a place to live (state) of the artists.
In layman contemporary art can be interpreted as follows:
1. The absence of insulation between the various disciplines of art, aka melting the boundaries between painting, sculpture, graphics, craft, theater, dance, music, anarchy, nonsense, to political action.
2. Got a passion and desire "moralistic" related to social and political dimensions as a thesis.
3. Art media interest tends to be pewacanaan commodities, as the actuality of the fashionable news.
Contemporary art and art posmodern
Linkages and contemporary art (art) postmodern, according to Amir Piliang Yasraf view, observers of art, understanding of contemporary art is art made today, so do with time. While postmodern art is the art of collecting new idioms. More details to say that not all contemporary art (contemporary) that can be categorized as art posmodern, posmodern own art on the one hand give the sense, picked up the past but on the other side also leapt to the fore (is futurist).
The development of Indonesian contemporary art
In the Indonesian art, contemporary terms appeared early 70's, when Gregory Sidhartha use the term to name the exhibition of contemporary sculpture at that time. Wisetrotomo Suwarno, an observer of art, argues that contemporary art is the basic concept of the liberation effort contracts that have been standard assessment or may be considered obsolete.
The concept of modernization has penetrated all areas of contemporary art at this. Most strikingly visible in the field of dance and painting. Traditional dances began excluded from television shows and is only in the event that is a ceremony or ceremonial.
As disclosed Market Relations in Contemporary Dance Dance Training Center (PLT) Pekanbaru Admiral Studios are not only interested in the dance choreographers in the country but also foreign dance choreographers who come from abroad. A total of 18 dance choreographers both from within and outside the country expressed readiness to show skill in the contemporary dance market. "The choreographer has arrived in Pekanbaru, they expressed readiness to show skill in the dance market," said PR Market Contemporary Dance, Yoserizal Zen in Pekanbaru [1].
More contemporary paintings skyrocketed along with the increasing residential minimalist concept, especially in big cities. As stated by a contemporary artist from the gallery Saptoadi Nugroho Seven Star Art Space of Yogyakarta, "Contemporary Painting increasingly in demand as the outbreak of the housing concept is minimalist, especially in big cities. It would be difficult to accept when you install landscape painting, for example, while the concept of modern office interior. "[2]
Similar things revealed by the collector of contemporary painting, "I collect paintings for the love of art. Even if its value rises, that's a bonus," said Oei Hong Djien, collector and curator of the famous painting of Magelang. Similarly Biantoro Santoso, collector and owner of the painting Nadi Gallery. "I bought because I liked. Although the price does not rise, no problem," he added.
Oei and Biantoro never sell his collection. Oei choose to display more than 1,000 framed paintings in his private museum. Great works of Affandi, Basuki Abdullah, Lee Man Fong, Sudjojono, Hendra Gunawan, and Widayat posted there with the works of young painters.
Another opinion from Yustiono, faculty FSRD ITB, seeing that contemporary art in Indonesia did not escape the outbreak of the issue posmodernisme (late 1993 and early 1994), which sparked widespread debate and discussion both in seminars and in the media at that time.

Indonesian Version:
Seni Kontemporer adalah salah satu cabang seni yang terpengaruh dampak modernisasi.Kontemporer itu artinya kekinian, modern atau lebih tepatnya adalah sesuatu yang sama dengan kondisi waktu yang sama atau saat ini. Jadi Seni kontemporer adalah seni yang tidak terikat oleh aturan-aturan zaman dulu dan berkembang sesuai zaman sekarang. Lukisan kontemporer adalah karya yang secara tematik merefleksikan situasi waktu yang sedang dilalui. Misalnya lukisan yang tidak lagi terikat pada Rennaissance. Begitu pula dengan tarian, lebih kreatif dan modern.
Kata “kontemporer” yang berasal dari kata “co” (bersama) dan “tempo” (waktu). Sehingga menegaskan bahwa seni kontemporer adalah karya yang secara tematik merefleksikan situasi waktu yang sedang dilalui. Atau pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa “seni rupa kontemporer adalah seni yang melawan tradisi modernisme Barat”. Ini sebagai pengembangan dari wacana postmodern dan postcolonialism yang berusaha membangkitkan wacana pemunculan indegenous art. Atau khasanah seni lokal yang menjadi tempat tinggal (negara) para seniman.
Secara awam seni kontemporer bisa diartikan sebagai berikut:
1. Tiadanya sekat antara berbagai disiplin seni, alias meleburnya batas-batas antara seni lukis, patung, grafis, kriya, teater, tari, musik, anarki, omong kosong, hingga aksi politik.
2. Punya gairah dan nafsu "moralistik" yang berkaitan dengan matra sosial dan politik sebagai tesis.
3. Seni yang cenderung diminati media massa untuk dijadikan komoditas pewacanaan, sebagai aktualitas berita yang fashionable.
Seni kontemporer dan seni posmodern
Kaitan seni kontemporer dan (seni) postmodern, menurut pandangan Yasraf Amir Piliang, pemerhati seni, pengertian seni kontemporer adalah seni yang dibuat masa kini, jadi berkaitan dengan waktu. Sedangkan seni postmodern adalah seni yang mengumpulkan idiom-idiom baru. Lebih jelasnya dikatakan bahwa tidak semua seni masa kini (kontemporer) itu bisa dikategorikan sebagai seni posmodern, seni posmodern sendiri di satu sisi memberi pengertian, memungut masa lalu tetapi di sisi lain juga melompat kedepan (bersifat futuris).
Perkembangan seni kontemporer Indonesia
Dalam seni rupa Indonesia, istilah kontemporer muncul awal 70-an, ketika Gregorius Sidharta menggunakan istilah kontemporer untuk menamai pameran seni patung pada waktu itu. Suwarno Wisetrotomo, seorang pengamat seni rupa, berpendapat bahwa seni rupa kontemporer pada konsep dasar adalah upaya pembebasan dari kontrak-kontrak penilaian yang sudah baku atau mungkin dianggap usang.
Konsep modernisasi telah merambah semua bidang seni ke arah kontemporer ini. Paling menyolok terlihat di bidang tari dan seni lukis. Seni tari tradisional mulai tersisih dari acara-acara televisi dan hanya ada di acara yang bersifat upacara atau seremonial saja.
Seperti diungkapkan Humas Pasar Tari Kontemporer di Pusat Latihan Tari (PLT) Sanggar Laksamana Pekanbaru yang tidak hanya diminati para koreografer tari dalam negeri tetapi juga koreografer tari asing yang berasal dari luar negeri. Sebanyak 18 koreografer tari baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri menyatakan siap unjuk kebolehan dalam pasar tari kontemporer tersebut. "Para koreografer sudah tiba di Pekanbaru, mereka menyatakan siap unjuk kebolehan dalam pasar tari itu," ujar Humas Pasar Tari Kontemporer, Yoserizal Zen di Pekanbaru[1].
Lukisan kontemporer semakin melejit seiring dengan meningkatnya konsep hunian minimalis, terutama di kota-kota besar. Seperti diungkapkan oleh seniman lukis kontemporer Saptoadi Nugroho dari galeri Tujuh Bintang Art Space Yogyakarta, "Lukisan kontemporer semakin diminati seiring dengan merebaknya konsep perumahan minimalis terutama di kota-kota besar. Akan sulit diterima bila kita memasang lukisan pemandangan, misalnya sedangkan interior ruangannya berkonsep modern."[2]
Hal yang senada diungkap oleh kolektor lukisan kontemporer, "Saya mengoleksi lukisan karena mencintai karya seni. Kalaupun nilainya naik, itu bonus," kata Oei Hong Djien, kolektor dan kurator lukisan ternama dari Magelang. Begitu juga Biantoro Santoso, kolektor lukisan sekaligus pemilik Nadi Gallery. "Saya membeli karena saya suka. Walaupun harganya tidak naik, tidak masalah," timpalnya.
Oei dan Biantoro tak pernah menjual koleksinya. Oei memilih untuk memajang lebih dari 1.000 bingkai lukisannya di museum pribadinya. Karya-karya besar dari Affandi, Basuki Abdullah, Lee Man Fong, Sudjojono, Hendra Gunawan, dan Widayat terpampang di sana bersama karya-karya pelukis muda.
Pendapat lain dari Yustiono, staf pengajar FSRD ITB, melihat bahwa seni rupa kontemporer di Indonesia tidak lepas dari pecahnya isu posmodernisme (akhir 1993 dan awal 1994), yang menyulut perdebatan dan perbincangan luas baik di seminar-seminar maupun di media massa pada waktu itu.

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Ceramic art (Seni Keramik)

Ceramic art is a branch of art that process ceramic materials to create works of art from traditional to contemporary. In addition also distinguished ceramic craft activities based on the principle of functionality and production.
Venus of Dolni Vestonice is the work of the oldest pottery ever found.

Ceramics of Nove and Bassano
Ceramics from the beginning is very popular with its function as decorative objects. This can be known daripeninggalan Republic of Venice in 400an. Noted that mass production began in the 17th century in Nove and Bassano del Grappa. Ashura is the most important companies in the area.

Indonesian Version:
Seni Keramik adalah cabang seni rupa yang mengolah material keramik untuk membuat karya seni dari yang bersifat tradisional sampai kontemporer. Selain itu dibedakan pula kegiatan Kriya keramik berdasarkan prinsip fungsionalitas dan produksinya.

Venus dari Dolni Vestonice adalah karya keramik tertua yang pernah ditemukan.
Keramik di Nove dan Bassano

Keramik dari awal sangat populer dengan fungsinya Sebagai benda Dekoratif. Hal ini bisa diketahui daripeninggalan Republik Venisia pada tahun 400an. Bahwa Dicatat pula produksi massal dimulai pada abad 17 di Nove dan Bassano del Grappa. Ashura adalah perusahan terpenting di daerah tersebut.

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Art installation (Seni instalasi)

Art installation (installation = installation) is the art of installing, uniting, and mengkontruksi considered a number of things that can refer to a particular meaning context awareness. Usually meaning in social issues, political and other things that are raised in the concept of contemporary installation art.

Art installations in a visual context that provides perupaan three-dimensional visual elements into account time, space, sound, light, motion and interaction spektator (exhibition visitors) as the final conception of the way though.

People

• Marina Abramovic

• Vito Acconci

• Gustavo Aguerre

• Artur Barrio

• Sylvie Belanger

• Maurice Benayoun

• Guillaume Bijl

• Christian Boltanski

• Christoph Büchel

• Stefano Cagol

• Janet Cardiff

• Marco Casagrande

• The Chapman Brothers

• Bruce Charlesworth

• Judy Chicago

• Christo and Jeanne-Claude

• Anne Cleary

• Denis Connolly

• Mark Divo

• Pascal Dombis

• John Duncan (artist)

• Leif Elggren

• Ólafur Eliasson

• Shahram Entekhabi

• Ingrid Falk

• John Fekner

• James Robert Ford

• Ignazio Fresu

• Bernhard Gal

• Valery Grancher

• Ann Hamilton

• Mona Hatoum

• Carl Michael von Hausswolff

• Gottfried Helnwein

• Robert Irwin

• Mark Jenkins

• Ilya Kabakov

• Kazuo Katase

• Jonathon Keats

• Mike Kelley

• Ed Kienholz

• Meeli Kõiva

• Barbara Kruger

• Janis Kounellis

• Wolfgang Laib

• Matthieu Laurette

• Lennie Lee

• Richard Long

• Mary Lucier

• David Mach

• John K. Melvin

• Annette Messager

• Youri Messen-Jaschin

• Orlando Mohorovic

• Cornelia Parker

• Judy Pfaff

• Liz Phillips

• Arne Quinze

• Maria Reidelbach

• Rene Rietmeyer

• Ken Rinaldo

• Don Ritter

• David Rokeby

• Sandy Skoglund

• Patrice Stellest

• Nathaniel Stern

• Sarah Sze

• Massimo Taccon

• Yoko Terauchi

• James Turrell

• Camille Utterback

• Bill Viola

• Banks Violette

• Matej Andraz Vogrincic

• Elisabeth Wierzbicka Wela





Indonesian Version:

Seni instalasi (installation = pemasangan) adalah seni yang memasang, Menyatukan, dan mengkontruksi sejumlah benda yang Dianggap bisa merujuk pada kesadaran Konteks Suatu makna tertentu. Biasanya makna dalam Persoalan-Persoalan sosial-politik dan hal lain yang bersifat kontemporer diangkat dalam konsep seni instalasi ini.



Seni instalasi dalam Konteks Merupakan visual perupaan yang menyajikan visual tiga dimensional yang memperhitungkan elemen-elemen ruang, waktu, suara, cahaya, gerak dan Interaksi spektator (pengunjung pameran) Sebagai konsepsi akhir dari olah rupa.

Tokoh



* Marina Abramovic

* Vito Acconci

* Gustavo Aguerre

* Artur Barrio

* Sylvie Belanger

* Maurice Benayoun

* Guillaume Bijl

* Christian Boltanski

* Christoph Büchel

* Stefano Cagol

* Janet Cardiff

* Marco Casagrande

* The Chapman Brothers

* Bruce Charlesworth

* Judy Chicago

* Christo dan Jeanne-Claude

* Anne Cleary

* Denis Connolly

* Mark Divo

* Pascal Dombis

* John Duncan (artis)

* Leif Elggren

* Ólafur Eliasson

* Shahram Entekhabi

* Ingrid Falk

* John Fekner

* James Robert Ford

* Ignazio Fresu

* Bernhard Gal

* Valery Grancher

* Ann Hamilton

* Mona Hatoum

* Carl Michael von Hausswolff

* Gottfried Helnwein

* Robert Irwin

* Mark Jenkins

* Ilya Kabakov

* Kazuo Katase

* Jonathon Keats

* Mike Kelley

* Ed Kienholz

* Meeli Kõiva

* Barbara Kruger

* Janis Kounellis

* Wolfgang Laib

* Matthieu Laurette

* Lennie Lee

* Richard Long

* Mary Lucier

* David Mach

* John K. Melvin

* Annette Messager

* Youri Messen-Jaschin

* Orlando Mohorovic

* Cornelia Parker

* Judy Pfaff

* Liz Phillips

* Arne Quinze

* Maria Reidelbach

* Rene Rietmeyer

* Ken Rinaldo

* Don Ritter

* David Rokeby

* Sandy Skoglund

* Patrice Stellest

* Nathaniel Stern

* Sarah Sze

* Massimo Taccon

* Yoko Terauchi

* James Turrell

* Camille Utterback

* Bill Viola

* Bank Violette

* Matej Andraz Vogrincic

* Elisabeth Wierzbicka Wela

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Arts (Seni)

Art at the beginning was the process of human beings, and therefore is a synonym of science. Today, the art can be seen in essence an expression of human creativity. Art is very difficult to explain and too difficult to assess, that each individual artist to choose their own rules and parameters that led him or his work, still can be said that art is a process and a product of choosing a medium, and a set of rules for the use of that medium, and a set of values that determine what is appropriate to send it through the medium of expression, to convey both confidence, ideas, sensations, or feelings in a way as effectively as possible to that medium. Even so, many artists have been influenced by other people of the past, and also some guidelines have emerged to express certain ideas through symbolism and forms (such as daffodils that mean death and red roses mean love).



Indonesian Version:

Seni pada mulanya adalah proses dari manusia, dan oleh karena itu Merupakan sinonim dari ilmu. Dewasa ini, seni bisa dilihat dalam intisari ekspresi dari Kreatifitas manusia. Seni sangat sulit untuk dijelaskan dan juga sulit dinilai, bahwa masing-masing individu artis memilih sendiri peraturan dan parameter yang menuntunnya atau kerjanya, masih bisa dikatakan Bahwa seni adalah proses dan produk dari memilih medium, dan Suatu set peraturan untuk penggunaan medium itu, dan Suatu menetapkan nilai-nilai yang menentukan apa yang pantas dikirimkan dengan ekspresi lewat medium itu, untuk menyampaikan baik Kepercayaan, gagasan, sensasi, atau perasaan dengan cara seefektif mungkin untuk medium itu. Sekalipun demikian, banyak seniman mendapat pengaruh dari orang lain masa lalu, dan juga Beberapa garis pedoman sudah Muncul gagasan untuk Mengungkap Tertentu lewat simbolisme dan bentuk (seperti Bakung yang bermaksud kematian dan mawar merah yang bermaksud cinta).

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Industrial Design (Desain industri)

Industrial design (English: Industrial design) is the applied art where aesthetics and usability (ease of using a product) a completed item. Produce industrial design creations of shape, configuration, or composition of lines or colors or lines and color or combination, in the form of 3 or 2 dimensions, which suggests the aesthetic, could be used to produce products, goods, commodity or handicraft industry. The design work is considered intellectual property because it is of the mind and creativity of pendesainnya, which is copyrighted by the government through the Law No. 31 year 2000 on Industrial Design. Criteria for industrial design is new and does not violate the religion, legislation, ethical, and public order. The period of protection for industrial designs is 10 years old.



Indonesian Version:

Desain industri (bahasa Inggris: Industrial design) adalah seni Terapan di mana Estetika dan kegunaan (Kemudahan dalam Menggunakan Suatu barang) Suatu barang disempurnakan. Desain industri menghasilkan kreasi tentang bentuk, konfigurasi, atau komposisi garis atau warna atau garis dan warna atau gabungannya, yang berbentuk 3 atau 2 dimensi, yang memberi kesan Estetis, dapat dipakai untuk menghasilkan produk, barang, komoditas industri atau kerajinan tangan. Sebuah karya desain Dianggap Sebagai kekayaan intelektual karena hasil Merupakan buah dari Pikiran dan Kreatifitas pendesainnya, Sehingga dilindungi hak ciptanya oleh pemerintah melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 31 tahun 2000 tentang Desain Industri. Kriteria adalah industri desain baru dan tidak melanggar agama, Peraturan Perundangan, Susila, dan ketertiban umum. Jangka waktu untuk Perlindungan desain industri adalah 10 tahun

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Architecture (Arsitektur)

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. In a broader sense, the architecture includes designing and building the entire built environment, ranging from macro level of town planning, urban design, landscape architecture, down to the micro level of the building design, furniture design and product design. Architecture also refers to the results of the design process.
The scope and the desire
According to his book Vitruvius in De Architectura (which is the oldest written sources which still exists today), good buildings should have certain Beauty / Aesthetics (Venustas), Strength (Firmitas), and Purpose / Function (Utilities); architecture can be described as balance and coordination between the three elements, and no single element that exceeds any other element. In the modern definition, architecture should include consideration of function, aesthetic, and psychological. However, it can be said also that the element itself functions in it already includes both aesthetic and psychological elements.
Architecture is a multi-discipline areas, including math, science, art, technology, humanities, politics, history, philosophy, and so on. Citing Vitruvius, "Architecture is the science that arise from other sciences, and is equipped with the learning process: assisted with the assessment of the work as a work of art". He adds that an architect should be well versed in the field of music, astronomy, etc.. Philosophy is one of the principal in the architectural approach. Rationalism, empiricism, phenomenology, structuralism, post-structuralism, and dekonstruktivisme are some directions from philosophy influencing architecture.
Theory and practice
Importance of theory to be a reference practice should not be over-emphasized, although many architects ignore the theory altogether. Vitruvius said: "The practice and theory are the root architecture. Practice is ongoing reflection on the implementation of a project or the process by hand, in the conversion process of building materials with the best possible way. The theory is the result of reasoned thinking that explains the conversion process of building materials into a final result answer to a problem. An architect who practice without the theory can not explain the reason and basis of the forms he chose. As an architect who theorize without practicing only cling to the "shadow" rather than substance. An architect who holds to the theory and practice , he has a double weapon. He can prove the truth of the designs and also can make it happen in the implementation ".
History
Architecture was born of the dynamics between needs (needs a conducive environment, security, etc.), and the ways (available building materials and construction technology). Prehistoric and primitive architecture is an early stage of this dynamic. Then people became more developed and knowledge began to take shape through oral traditions and practices, architecture evolved into skills. At this stage there is the testing process, improvisation, or imitation to become a successful outcome. An architect was not an important figure, he simply continued the tradition. Vernacular architecture was born of such an approach and is still performed in many parts of the world.
Human settlements in the past is essentially rural. Then comes a surplus of production, so that rural communities develop into an urban society. The complexity of building and tipologinya increased. Technology development of public facilities such as roads and bridges were developed. Typologies of new buildings such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities were popping up. Religious architecture remained an important part in society. Architectural styles developed, and writing about architecture began to appear. Writings are a set of rules (canon) to be followed especially in the development of religious architecture. Examples of this canon include works written by Vitruvius, or Vaastu Shastra of ancient India. In the Classical period and medieval Europe, the building is not the work of individual architects, but the craft guilds (guilds) formed by the artisan / specialist skills to organize the building project.
During the Enlightenment, the humanities and the emphasis on the individual becomes more important than religion, and a new beginning in the architecture. Development assigned to individual architects - Michaelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci - and the cult of the individual began. But at that moment, there is no clear dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or areas other related work. At this stage, an artist to design a bridge for structural calculations it is still common.
With the consolidation of knowledge from various fields of science (eg engineering), and the emergence of building materials and new technologies, an architect shifting its focus from technical aspects to the aesthetics of the building. Then the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with bouwheer (client) rich and concentrated on the visual elements in the form of a reference to historical examples. In the 19th century, the Ecole des Beaux Arts in France to train prospective architects to create sketches of beautiful drawings without much emphasis on context.
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution opened the door for public consumption, so the aesthetic is the measure that can be achieved even by the middle class. Products, once limited to ornate aesthetic within the scope of the expensive skills, become affordable through mass production. Such products lacked the beauty and honesty in the expression of a production process.
Dissatisfaction with such situations in the early 20th century gave birth to the ideas that underlie modern architecture, among others, Deutscher Werkbund (established 1907) which produces artificial objects with the machine a better quality is the birth point of the design professions in the field of industry. After that, the Bauhaus school (founded in Germany in 1919) rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology.
When Modern architecture first began to be practiced, it is an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic. Truth sought by rejecting history and turning to the functions of the delivery form. Architects became prominent figures and were dubbed as the "master". Later modern architecture moved into the realm of mass production because of its simplicity and economy.
However, the public sensed a decline in the quality of modern architecture in the 1960s, partly because of lack of meaning, sterility, ugliness, uniformity, and psychological effects. Some architects answered through Post-Modern Architecture with enterprise architecture to form a more acceptable at the visual level, even at the expense of depth. Robert Venturi argued that "shack decorated shed" (an ordinary building interior was functionally designed as exterior decoration was given) is better than a "duck" (a building where both form and function into one). Venturi opinion is a basic approach to Post-Modern Architecture.
Some other architects (and also non-architects) to answer by showing what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by private individuals, but the architecture must consider the needs of everyday people and using technology to achieve an environment that can be occupied. Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Chris Jones, Christopher Alexander started searching for a more inclusive process in the design, to get better results. Peneilitian depth in various fields such as behavioral, environmental, and humanities is to be the basis of the design process.
Along with the increasing complexity of building, architecture becomes more multi-disciplinary than ever. Architecture now needs a professional group in the process. This is the current state of the profession is architect. However, individuality is still cherished and sought for in the design of buildings that cultural symbols. For example, a fine art museum to be for new experiments in style dekonstruktivis today, tomorrow maybe something else.
Conclusion
building is the human production of the most visible. However, most buildings were designed by the people themselves or masons in developing countries, or through the production standards in developed countries. Architect remain marginalized in the production building. Expertise architects sought only in the development of a complex type of building, or buildings which have cultural significance / political matters. And this is accepted by the general public as the architecture. Role of the architect, although constantly changing, never become a major and never stand alone. There is always a dialogue between society and the architect. And the result is a dialogue that can be dubbed as architecture, as a product and a discipline.

Indonesian Version:
Arsitektur adalah seni dan ilmu merancang bangunan. Dalam arti yang lebih luas, arsitektur mencakup merancang dan membangun keseluruhan lingkungan binaan, mulai dari tingkat makro perencanaan kota, perancangan perkotaan, arsitektur lansekap, hingga ke tingkat mikro desain bangunan, desain perabot dan desain produk. Arsitektur juga merujuk kepada hasil dari proses desain.
Ruang lingkup dan keinginan
Menurut bukunya Vitruvius dalam De Architectura (yang merupakan sumber tertulis tertua yang masih ada hingga sekarang), bangunan yang baik seharusnya memiliki beberapa Keindahan / Estetika (Venustas), Kekuatan (Firmitas), dan Kegunaan / Fungsi (Utilitas); arsitektur dapat digambarkan sebagai keseimbangan dan koordinasi antara ketiga unsur tersebut, dan tidak ada satu unsur yang melebihi unsur lainnya. Dalam definisi modern, arsitektur harus mencakup pertimbangan fungsi, estetika, dan psikologis. Namun, dapat dikatakan pula bahwa unsur fungsi itu sendiri di dalamnya sudah mencakup baik unsur estetika maupun psikologis.
Arsitektur adalah bidang multi-disiplin, termasuk matematika, sains, seni, teknologi, humaniora, politik, sejarah, filsafat, dan sebagainya. CitingVitruvius, "Arsitektur adalah ilmu yang timbul dari ilmu-ilmu lainnya, dan dilengkapi dengan proses belajar: dibantu dengan penilaian karya sebagai karya seni". Dia menambahkan bahwa seorang arsitek harus fasih di dalam bidang musik, astronomi, dll. Filsafat adalah salah satu pelaku dalam pendekatan arsitektur. Rasionalisme, empirisisme, fenomenologi, strukturalisme, post-strukturalisme, anddekonstruktivisme adalah beberapa arahan dari filsafat yang mempengaruhi arsitektur.
Teori dan praktek
Pentingnya teori untuk menjadi rujukan praktek tidak boleh terlalu ditekankan, meskipun banyak arsitek mengabaikan teori altogether.Vitruvius berkata: "Praktek dan teori adalah akar arsitektur. Praktek adalah refleksi berkelanjutan terhadap pelaksanaan sebuah proyek atau proses tangan, dalam proses konversi bahan bangunan dengan cara yang terbaik. Teori adalah hasil pemikiran beralasan yang menjelaskan proses konversi bahan bangunan menjadi hasil akhir jawaban untuk suatu masalah. Seorang arsitek yang berpraktek tanpa teori tidak dapat menjelaskan alasan dan dasar dari bentuk-bentuk yang dia pilih. Sebagai seorang arsitek yang berteori tanpa berlatih hanya berpegang kepada "bayangan" dan bukannya substansi. Seorang arsitek yang berpegang pada teori dan praktek, ia memiliki senjata ganda. Dia dapat membuktikan kebenaran desain dan juga dapat mewujudkannya dalam pelaksanaan ".
Sejarah
Arsitektur lahir dari dinamika antara kebutuhan (kebutuhan lingkungan yang kondusif, keamanan, dll), dan cara (bahan bangunan yang tersedia dan teknologi konstruksi). Arsitektur prasejarah dan primitif merupakan tahap awal dinamika ini. Lalu orang menjadi lebih maju dan pengetahuan mulai terbentuk melalui tradisi lisan dan praktek-praktek, arsitektur berkembang menjadi ketrampilan. Pada tahap ini terdapat proses pengujian, improvisasi, atau peniruan untuk menjadi hasil yang sukses. Arsitek bukan tokoh penting, ia hanya melanjutkan tradisi. Arsitektur vernakular dilahirkan dari pendekatan semacam itu dan masih dilakukan di banyak bagian dunia.
Pemukiman manusia di masa lalu pada dasarnya pedesaan. Kemudian datang surplus produksi, sehingga masyarakat pedesaan berkembang menjadi masyarakat urban. Kompleksitas bangunan andtipologinya meningkat. Pengembangan teknologi fasilitas umum seperti jalan dan jembatan dikembangkan. Tipologi bangunan baru seperti sekolah, rumah sakit, dan fasilitas rekreasi bermunculan. Arsitektur religius tetap menjadi bagian penting dalam masyarakat. Gaya arsitektur berkembang, dan menulis tentang arsitektur mulai muncul. Tulisan adalah seperangkat aturan (kanon) untuk diikuti khususnya dalam pembangunan arsitektur religius. Contoh kanon ini meliputi karya yang ditulis byVitruvius, atau Vaastu Shastra dari India kuno. Di periode Klasik dan Abad Pertengahan Eropa, bangunan bukanlah hasil karya arsitek individual, tetapi asosiasi profesi (guild) dibentuk oleh tukang / ahli keterampilan bangunan untuk mengorganisasi proyek.
Selama Pencerahan, humaniora dan penekanan pada individu menjadi lebih penting daripada agama, dan sebuah awal baru dalam arsitektur. Pembangunan ditugaskan kepada arsitek individual-Michaelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci - dan kultus individu pun dimulai. Tetapi pada saat itu, tidak ada garis pemisah yang jelas antara seniman, arsitek dan insinyur, atau wilayah kerja terkait lainnya. Pada tahap ini, seorang seniman untuk merancang sebuah jembatan untuk perhitungan struktural masih umum.
Bersamaan dengan penggabungan pengetahuan dari berbagai bidang ilmu (misalnya engineering), dan munculnya bahan-bahan bangunan dan teknologi baru, seorang arsitek menggeser fokusnya dari aspek teknis ke estetika bangunan. Kemudian bermunculanlah "arsitek priyayi" yang biasanya berurusan withbouwheer (klien) kaya dan berkonsentrasi pada unsur-unsur visual dalam bentuk referensi ke contoh-contoh historis. Pada abad ke-19, Ecole des Beaux Arts di Prancis melatih calon arsitek untuk menciptakan sketsa-sketsa dan gambar cantik tanpa menekankan konteksnya.
Sementara itu, Revolusi Industri membuka pintu untuk konsumsi umum, sehingga estetika menjadi ukuran yang dapat dicapai bahkan oleh kelas menengah. Dulunya produk-produk berornamen estetis terbatas dalam lingkup keterampilan yang mahal, menjadi terjangkau melalui produksi massal. Produk tersebut tidak memiliki keindahan dan kejujuran dalam ekspresi dari sebuah proses produksi.
Ketidakpuasan dengan situasi seperti itu pada awal abad ke-20 melahirkan ide-ide yang mendasari arsitektur modern, antara lain, Deutscher Werkbund (dibentuk 1907) yang memproduksi obyek-obyek buatan mesin dengan kualitas yang lebih baik merupakan titik lahirnya profesi desain di bidang industri. Setelah itu, sekolah Bauhaus (dibentuk di Jerman tahun 1919) menolak masa lalu sejarah dan memilih melihat arsitektur sebagai sintesa seni, ketrampilan, dan teknologi.
Ketika Arsitektur Modern mulai dipraktekkan, ia adalah sebuah pergerakan garda depan dengan dasar moral, filosofis, dan estetika. Kebenaran dicari dengan menolak sejarah dan menoleh kepada fungsi dari bentuk pengiriman. Arsitek lantas menjadi figur penting dan dijuluki sebagai "tuan". Kemudian arsitektur modern masuk ke dalam lingkup produksi massal karena kesederhanaannya dan faktor ekonomi.
Namun, masyarakat merasakan adanya penurunan kualitas arsitektur modern pada tahun 1960, sebagian karena kekurangan makna, kemandulan, keburukan, keseragaman, dan efek psikologis. Beberapa arsitek dijawab melalui Arsitektur Post-Modern dengan usaha membentuk arsitektur yang lebih dapat diterima umum pada tingkat visual, bahkan dengan mengorbankan kedalaman. RobertVenturi berpendapat bahwa "menghiasi gubuk gudang" (bangunan biasa yang interior adalah fungsional didesain sebagai hiasan eksterior diberi) adalah lebih baik daripada sebuah "bebek" (sebuah bangunan di mana baik bentuk dan fungsi menjadi satu). Venturi pendapat adalah pendekatan dasar Post - Arsitektur modern.
Arsitek lain (dan juga non-arsitek) menjawab dengan menunjukkan apa yang mereka pikir sebagai akar masalahnya. Mereka merasa bahwa arsitektur bukanlah perburuan filosofis atau estetis oleh individu swasta, tetapi arsitektur harus mempertimbangkan kebutuhan manusia sehari-hari dan menggunakan teknologi untuk mencapai lingkungan yang dapat ditempati. Metodologi Desain Gerakan melibatkan orang-orang seperti Chris Jones atau Christopher Alexander mulai mencari proses yang lebih inklusif dalam perancangan, untuk mendapatkan kedalaman results.Peneilitian lebih baik di berbagai bidang seperti perilaku, lingkungan, dan humaniora adalah untuk menjadi dasar proses desain .
Seiring dengan semakin meningkatnya kompleksitas bangunan, arsitektur menjadi lebih multi-disiplin daripada sebelumnya. Arsitektur sekarang membutuhkan kelompok profesional dalam proses. Ini adalah keadaan saat ini profesi arsitek. Namun demikian, arsitek individu masih disukai dan dicari dalam perancangan bangunan yang bermakna simbol budaya. Sebagai contoh, sebuah museum seni rupa menjadi percobaan baru di styledekonstruktivis hari ini, besok mungkin sesuatu yang lain.
Kesimpulan
bangunan adalah produksi manusia yang paling terlihat. Namun, sebagian besar bangunan yang dirancang oleh masyarakat sendiri atau tukang-tukang batu di negara-negara berkembang, atau melalui standar produksi di negara maju. Arsitek tetap terpinggirkan dalam gedung produksi. Keahlian arsitek hanya dicari dalam pembangunan tipe kompleks gedung, atau bangunan yang memiliki makna budaya / masalah politik. Dan ini diterima oleh masyarakat umum sebagai arsitektur. Peran arsitek, meski senantiasa berubah, tidak pernah menjadi besar dan tidak pernah berdiri sendiri. Selalu ada dialog antara masyarakat dengan sang arsitek. Dan hasilnya adalah sebuah dialog yang dapat dijuluki sebagai arsitektur, sebagai sebuah produk dan sebuah disiplin.

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Seni Lukis

The art of painting is one of the parent art. With the same basic sense, painting is a more complete development of the drawing.

General History of art

Prehistoric

Historically, the art of painting is associated with images. Prehistoric relics show that since thousands of years ago, human ancestors had begun making drawings on cave walls for imaging important parts of life. A painting or drawing can be made only by using simple materials such as charcoal, chalk, or other materials. One popular technique is drawing prehistoric cave people is to put a hand on the wall of the cave, then chew menyemburnya with leaves or stone-colored minerals.

The result is a tracing berwana hand-colored on the walls of the cave which can still be seen today. This convenience allows images (and subsequent painting) to grow faster than other branches of art such as sculpture and ceramic art.

Like images, mostly paintings made on the flat areas such as walls, floors, paper, or canvas. In modern art education in Indonesia, these properties are also called bi-dimension (two-dimensional, flat dimensions).

Objects that often appear in ancient works are humans, animals and natural objects such as trees, hills, mountains, rivers, and sea. The shape of the objects drawn are not always similar to the original. This is called the image and was strongly influenced by the painter's understanding of the object. For example, a picture of a bull's horns are made with the proportion of unusually large compared with the size of the original horn. Imaging is influenced by the understanding of the painter who thinks the horn is the most impressive part of a bull. Therefore, the image of one kind of objects to vary depending on the cultural understanding of people in the region.

At one point, there are certain people in a group of prehistoric people who spend more time drawing than looking for food. They began to make pictures and good start to find that the shape and composition of a particular form, when arranged in such a way, would appear to be more interesting to see than usual. They began to find some sort of ideals, sense of beauty in its activities and continue to do that so that they become more expert. They are artists who first on earth and that's when drawing and painting activities started leaning into the art activities.

Classical era painting

Classical era painting mostly intended for the purposes of:

* Mistisme (as a result of the development has not religion)
* Propaganda (as an example of graffiti on the ruins of Pompeii),

At this time the painting was intended to mimic as closely as possible the forms in nature. This is as a result of the development of science and beginning of the awareness that art can communicate better than words in many ways.

Medieval art

As a result of too strong influence of religion in medieval painting experience penjauhan of science. Regarded as a science of magic that can keep people from devotion to God. As a result, any painting can no longer be in line with reality.

Most of the paintings in this era more of symbolism, rather than realism. So it was hard to find a painting that could be categorized as "good".

Painting in this period used for propaganda and religious tool. Some religions that prohibit depictions of animals and humans to encourage the development of abstrakisme (separation element of the "right" of the object.

Renaissance painting

Starting from the city of Florence. After the defeat of Turkey, many experts in science and culture (including artists) who aside from Byzantium to the Italian peninsula area now.

Support from the family that controls the city deMedici Florence to modern science and the art of making a lot of synergies they generate new contributions to European culture.

Fine Art found new life in the rebirth of the classic era of art. Science in this city is no longer considered magic, but as a new tool to take back power seized by the Turks.

In the end, the influence of art in the city of Florence spread throughout Europe to Eastern Europe.

People are known from this period are:

* Tomassi
* Donatello
* Leonardo da Vinci
* Michelangelo
* Raphael


Art Nouveau

The Industrial Revolution in England have been led to mechanization in many ways. The goods made by mass production system with high accuracy. As a result, the skills of an artist's hand is not as appreciated as artificial refinement has replaced the engine.

In response, the artist turned to the forms which can not be achieved by mass production (or if you can, will the cost of manufacture becomes very expensive). Paintings, works of art, and craft directed to the smooth curves that most inspired by the beauty of the lines of plants in nature.

History painting in Indonesia

Indonesian modern art begins with the entry of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. The tendency of Western European art at that time to the flow of romance to make a lot of Indonesian painters come to develop this flow.

Raden Saleh Sharif Bustaman is one of the assistants who were fortunate enough to learn the European style of painting practiced Dutch painter.

Raden Saleh and then proceed to Dutch painting, which had become a respected painter and Indonesia became the court painter in several European countries.

But the painting through the development of Indonesia is not the same as the European Renaissance era, so that its development was not through the same stages.

Revolutionary era in Indonesia, making Indonesia a lot of artists switch from romantic themes to be tending toward "populist". Object associated with the natural beauty of Indonesia is considered as the theme of betraying the nation, because it is considered lick to the capitalists who became enemies of the popular ideology of communism at that time.

In addition, painting tools such as paint and canvas are increasingly difficult to obtain Indonesian paintings tend to form more simple, so the birth of abstraction.

Cultural Manifesto movement that aims to fight the imposition of the ideology of communism made during the 1950's painters prefer to free their art from a particular political interests, thus starting the era of expressionism. Painting is no longer regarded as a messenger and a propaganda tool.

Our painting trip since pioneering R. Saleh until the beginning of this XXI century, was still swayed by the impact of conception.

Indonesian art establishment that has not reached the level of success already devastating the diporak-modernism that led to the idea of alternative art or contemporary art, with the emergence of the concept art (conceptual art): "Installation Art", and "Performance Art", which once flourished throughout the campus art college around 1993-1996. Then came the various alternatives such as "collaboration" as a mode 1996/1997. Along the same conventional painting with a variety of styles to decorate the galleries, which is no longer as a token of appreciation to the community, but an alternative investment business.

Flow painting

Surrealism

Painting with this flow resemble most forms often found in the dream. Painter tried to ignore the overall form and then process each specific part of the object to produce a particular sensation that human beings can feel without having to understand its original form.

Cubism

Flow is likely to do business abstraction of objects into geometric forms to obtain a certain sensation. One of the famous figures of this genre is Pablo Picasso.

Romance

Is the oldest school in the history of modern Indonesian painting. Painting with this stream trying to evoke memories of romance and beauty in every object. Landscape is often the object taken as the background picture.

Pioneered by the romantic painters of the Dutch colonial era and is transmitted to the native painter for the purpose of collection and the gallery in the colonial era. One of the famous figures of this genre is the Raden Saleh.

Leaf paintings

Is the flow of contemporary art, where painting is to use the leaves of plants, which were given color or no dye. This painting utilizing waste plant leaves, where the leaves have a distinctive color and do not decay if handled properly. senidaun.wordpress.com

Plural painting

Is an active process of art through a kind of meditation or intuition odyssey to capture and translate the motion of the instinct to live life to the visual language. Visual language that is used based on the concept of plural PAINTING. That is, to display the idioms in order to achieve accuracy relative to what has been captured by the intuition to use the idioms that are: Multi-ethnic, multi-technique, or a multi-style. Who introduced the concept of this art is a work of art Nugroho Wahyu. wahyustudio.blogspot.com

Other flow

* Expressionism
* Impressionism
* Fauvism
* Neo-Impressionism
* Realism
* Naturalism
* De Stijl


Abstraction

Is an attempt to exclude elements of the painting. Abstraction techniques as the fast-growing outbreak of contemporary art today means avoiding action in crude imitation of the object. Elements that are considered capable of providing enhanced sensation of the object being to replace the elements of the reduced portion.

Famous painter Indonesia

* Affandi
* Agus Djaya
* Barli Sasmitawinata
* Basuki Abdullah
* Djoko scream
* Abdullah
* Ferry Gabriel
* Hendra Gunawan
* Herry Dim
* Jeihan
* Kartika Affandi
* Lee Man Fong
* Mario Blanco
* Otto Djaya
* Popo Iskandar
* Raden Saleh
* S. Sudjojono
* Srihadi
* Sri Warso Wahono
* Poster
* Trubus

Indonesian Version:

Seni lukis adalah salah satu induk dari seni rupa. Dengan dasar pengertian yang sama, seni lukis adalah sebuah pengembangan yang lebih utuh dari drawing.

Sejarah umum seni lukis

Zaman prasejarah

Secara historis, seni lukis sangat terkait dengan gambar. Peninggalan-peninggalan prasejarah memperlihatkan bahwa sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu, nenek moyang manusia telah mulai membuat gambar pada dinding-dinding gua untuk mencitrakan bagian-bagian penting dari kehidupan. Sebuah lukisan atau gambar bisa dibuat hanya dengan menggunakan materi yang sederhana seperti arang, kapur, atau bahan lainnya. Salah satu teknik terkenal gambar prasejarah yang dilakukan orang-orang gua adalah dengan menempelkan tangan di dinding gua, lalu menyemburnya dengan kunyahan daun-daunan atau batu mineral berwarna.

Hasilnya adalah jiplakan tangan berwana-warni di dinding-dinding gua yang masih bisa dilihat hingga saat ini. Kemudahan ini memungkinkan gambar (dan selanjutnya lukisan) untuk berkembang lebih cepat daripada cabang seni rupa lain seperti seni patung dan seni keramik.

Seperti gambar, lukisan kebanyakan dibuat di atas bidang datar seperti dinding, lantai, kertas, atau kanvas. Dalam pendidikan seni rupa modern di Indonesia, sifat ini disebut juga dengan dwi-matra (dua dimensi, dimensi datar).

Objek yang sering muncul dalam karya-karya purbakala adalah manusia, binatang, dan obyek-obyek alam lain seperti pohon, bukit, gunung, sungai, dan laut. Bentuk dari obyek yang digambar tidak selalu serupa dengan aslinya. Ini disebut citra dan itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh pemahaman si pelukis terhadap obyeknya. Misalnya, gambar seekor banteng dibuat dengan proporsi tanduk yang luar biasa besar dibandingkan dengan ukuran tanduk asli. Pencitraan ini dipengaruhi oleh pemahaman si pelukis yang menganggap tanduk adalah bagian paling mengesankan dari seekor banteng. Karena itu, citra mengenai satu macam obyek menjadi berbeda-beda tergantung dari pemahaman budaya masyarakat di daerahnya.

Pada satu titik, ada orang-orang tertentu dalam satu kelompok masyarakat prasejarah yang lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu untuk menggambar daripada mencari makanan. Mereka mulai mahir membuat gambar dan mulai menemukan bahwa bentuk dan susunan rupa tertentu, bila diatur sedemikian rupa, akan nampak lebih menarik untuk dilihat daripada biasanya. Mereka mulai menemukan semacam cita-rasa keindahan dalam kegiatannya dan terus melakukan hal itu sehingga mereka menjadi semakin ahli. Mereka adalah seniman-seniman yang pertama di muka bumi dan pada saat itulah kegiatan menggambar dan melukis mulai condong menjadi kegiatan seni.
Seni lukis zaman klasik

Seni lukis zaman klasik kebanyakan dimaksudkan untuk tujuan:

* Mistisme (sebagai akibat belum berkembangnya agama)
* Propaganda (sebagai contoh grafiti di reruntuhan kota Pompeii),

Di zaman ini lukisan dimaksudkan untuk meniru semirip mungkin bentuk-bentuk yang ada di alam. Hal ini sebagai akibat berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan dan dimulainya kesadaran bahwa seni lukis mampu berkomunikasi lebih baik daripada kata-kata dalam banyak hal.
Seni lukis zaman pertengahan

Sebagai akibat terlalu kuatnya pengaruh agama di zaman pertengahan, seni lukis mengalami penjauhan dari ilmu pengetahuan. Ilmu pengetahuan dianggap sebagai sihir yang bisa menjauhkan manusia dari pengabdian kepada Tuhan. Akibatnya, seni lukis pun tidak lagi bisa sejalan dengan realitas.

Kebanyakan lukisan di zaman ini lebih berupa simbolisme, bukan realisme. Sehingga sulit sekali untuk menemukan lukisan yang bisa dikategorikan "bagus".

Lukisan pada masa ini digunakan untuk alat propaganda dan religi. Beberapa agama yang melarang penggambaran hewan dan manusia mendorong perkembangan abstrakisme (pemisahan unsur bentuk yang "benar" dari benda.

Seni lukis zaman Renaissance

Berawal dari kota Firenze. Setelah kekalahan dari Turki, banyak sekali ahli sains dan kebudayaan (termasuk pelukis) yang menyingkir dari Bizantium menuju daerah semenanjung Italia sekarang.

Dukungan dari keluarga deMedici yang menguasai kota Firenze terhadap ilmu pengetahuan modern dan seni membuat sinergi keduanya menghasilkan banyak sumbangan terhadap kebudayaan baru Eropa.

Seni Rupa menemukan jiwa barunya dalam kelahiran kembali seni zaman klasik. Sains di kota ini tidak lagi dianggap sihir, namun sebagai alat baru untuk merebut kembali kekuasaan yang dirampas oleh Turki.

Pada akhirnya, pengaruh seni di kota Firenze menyebar ke seluruh Eropa hingga Eropa Timur.

Tokoh yang banyak dikenal dari masa ini adalah:

* Tomassi
* Donatello
* Leonardo da Vinci
* Michaelangelo
* Raphael


Art Nouveau

Revolusi Industri di Inggris telah menyebabkan mekanisasi di dalam banyak hal. Barang-barang dibuat dengan sistem produksi massal dengan ketelitian tinggi. Sebagai dampaknya, keahlian tangan seorang seniman tidak lagi begitu dihargai karena telah digantikan kehalusan buatan mesin.

Sebagai jawabannya, seniman beralih ke bentuk-bentuk yang tidak mungkin dicapai oleh produksi massal (atau jika bisa, akan biaya pembuatannya menjadi sangat mahal). Lukisan, karya-karya seni rupa, dan kriya diarahkan kepada kurva-kurva halus yang kebanyakan terinspirasi dari keindahan garis-garis tumbuhan di alam.

Sejarah seni lukis di Indonesia

Seni lukis modern Indonesia dimulai dengan masuknya penjajahan Belanda di Indonesia. Kecenderungan seni rupa Eropa Barat pada zaman itu ke aliran romantisme membuat banyak pelukis Indonesia ikut mengembangkan aliran ini.

Raden Saleh Syarif Bustaman adalah salah seorang asisten yang cukup beruntung bisa mempelajari melukis gaya Eropa yang dipraktekkan pelukis Belanda.

Raden Saleh kemudian melanjutkan belajar melukis ke Belanda, sehingga berhasil menjadi seorang pelukis Indonesia yang disegani dan menjadi pelukis istana di beberapa negera Eropa.

Namun seni lukis Indonesia tidak melalui perkembangan yang sama seperti zaman renaisans Eropa, sehingga perkembangannya pun tidak melalui tahapan yang sama.

Era revolusi di Indonesia membuat banyak pelukis Indonesia beralih dari tema-tema romantisme menjadi cenderung ke arah "kerakyatan". Objek yang berhubungan dengan keindahan alam Indonesia dianggap sebagai tema yang mengkhianati bangsa, sebab dianggap menjilat kepada kaum kapitalis yang menjadi musuh ideologi komunisme yang populer pada masa itu.

Selain itu, alat lukis seperti cat dan kanvas yang semakin sulit didapat membuat lukisan Indonesia cenderung ke bentuk-bentuk yang lebih sederhana, sehingga melahirkan abstraksi.

Gerakan Manifesto Kebudayaan yang bertujuan untuk melawan pemaksaan ideologi komunisme membuat pelukis pada masa 1950an lebih memilih membebaskan karya seni mereka dari kepentingan politik tertentu, sehingga era ekspresionisme dimulai. Lukisan tidak lagi dianggap sebagai penyampai pesan dan alat propaganda.

Perjalanan seni lukis kita sejak perintisan R. Saleh sampai awal abad XXI ini, terasa masih terombang-ambing oleh berbagai benturan konsepsi.

Kemapanan seni lukis Indonesia yang belum mencapai tataran keberhasilan sudah diporak-porandakan oleh gagasan modernisme yang membuahkan seni alternatif atau seni kontemporer, dengan munculnya seni konsep (conceptual art): “Installation Art”, dan “Performance Art”, yang pernah menjamur di pelosok kampus perguruan tinggi seni sekitar 1993-1996. Kemudian muncul berbagai alternatif semacam “kolaborasi” sebagai mode 1996/1997. Bersama itu pula seni lukis konvensional dengan berbagai gaya menghiasi galeri-galeri, yang bukan lagi sebagai bentuk apresiasi terhadap masyarakat, tetapi merupakan bisnis alternatif investasi.
Aliran seni lukis

Surrealisme

Lukisan dengan aliran ini kebanyakan menyerupai bentuk-bentuk yang sering ditemui di dalam mimpi. Pelukis berusaha untuk mengabaikan bentuk secara keseluruhan kemudian mengolah setiap bagian tertentu dari objek untuk menghasilkan sensasi tertentu yang bisa dirasakan manusia tanpa harus mengerti bentuk aslinya.

Kubisme

Adalah aliran yang cenderung melakukan usaha abstraksi terhadap objek ke dalam bentuk-bentuk geometri untuk mendapatkan sensasi tertentu. Salah satu tokoh terkenal dari aliran ini adalah Pablo Picasso.

Romantisme

Merupakan aliran tertua di dalam sejarah seni lukis modern Indonesia. Lukisan dengan aliran ini berusaha membangkitkan kenangan romantis dan keindahan di setiap objeknya. Pemandangan alam adalah objek yang sering diambil sebagai latar belakang lukisan.

Romantisme dirintis oleh pelukis-pelukis pada zaman penjajahan Belanda dan ditularkan kepada pelukis pribumi untuk tujuan koleksi dan galeri di zaman kolonial. Salah satu tokoh terkenal dari aliran ini adalah Raden Saleh.

Seni lukis daun

Adalah aliran seni lukis kontemporer, dimana lukisan tersebut menggunakan daun tumbuh-tumbuhan, yang diberi warna atau tanpa pewarna. Seni lukis ini memanfaatkan sampah daun tumbuh-tumbuhan, dimana daun memiliki warna khas dan tidak busuk jika ditangani dengan benar. senidaun.wordpress.com

Plural painting

Adalah sebuah proses beraktivitas seni melalui semacam meditasi atau pengembaraan intuisi untuk menangkap dan menterjemahkan gerak hidup dari naluri kehidupan ke dalam bahasa visual. Bahasa visual yang digunakan berpijak pada konsep PLURAL PAINTING. Artinya, untuk menampilkan idiom-idiom agar relatif bisa mencapai ketepatan dengan apa yang telah tertangkap oleh intuisi mempergunakan idiom-idiom yang bersifat : Multi-etnis, multi-teknik, atau multi-style. Yang memperkenalkan konsep seni ini adalah karya seni lukis Wahyu Nugroho. wahyustudio.blogspot.com

Aliran lain

* Ekspresionisme
* Impresionisme
* Fauvisme
* Neo-Impresionisme
* Realisme
* Naturalisme
* De Stijl


Abstraksi

Adalah usaha untuk mengesampingkan unsur bentuk dari lukisan. Teknik abstraksi yang berkembang pesat seiring merebaknya seni kontemporer saat ini berarti tindakan menghindari peniruan objek secara mentah. Unsur yang dianggap mampu memberikan sensasi keberadaan objek diperkuat untuk menggantikan unsur bentuk yang dikurangi porsinya.

Pelukis terkenal Indonesia

* Affandi
* Agus Djaya
* Barli Sasmitawinata
* Basuki Abdullah
* Djoko Pekik
* Dullah
* Ferry Gabriel
* Hendra Gunawan
* Herry Dim
* Jeihan
* Kartika Affandi
* Lee Man Fong
* Mario Blanco
* Otto Djaya
* Popo Iskandar
* Raden Saleh
* S. Sudjojono
* Srihadi
* Sri Warso Wahono
* Trubus

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